illumos: manual page: ipnat.conf.5

IPNAT(5) Standards, Environments, and Macros IPNAT(5)

NAME

ipnat, ipnat.conf - IP NAT file format

DESCRIPTION

The format for files accepted by ipnat is described by the following
grammar:

ipmap :: = mapblock | redir | map .

map ::= mapit ifname lhs "->" dstipmask [ mapicmp | mapport | mapproxy ]
mapoptions .
mapblock ::= "map-block" ifname lhs "->" ipmask [ ports ] mapoptions .
redir ::= "rdr" ifname rlhs "->" ip [ "," ip ] rdrport rdroptions .

lhs ::= ipmask | fromto .
rlhs ::= ipmask dport | fromto .
dport ::= "port" portnum [ "-" portnum ] .
ports ::= "ports" numports | "auto" .
rdrport ::= "port" portnum .
mapit ::= "map" | "bimap" .
fromto ::= "from" object "to" object .
ipmask ::= ip "/" bits | ip "/" mask | ip "netmask" mask .
dstipmask ::= ipmask | "range" ip "-" ip .
mapicmp ::= "icmpidmap" "icmp" number ":" number .
mapport ::= "portmap" tcpudp portspec .
mapoptions ::= [ tcpudp ] [ "frag" ] [ age ] [ clamp ] .
rdroptions ::= rdrproto [ rr ] [ "frag" ] [ age ] [ clamp ] [ rdrproxy ] .

object :: = addr [ port-comp | port-range ] .
addr :: = "any" | nummask | host-name [ "mask" ipaddr | "mask" hexnumber ] .
port-comp :: = "port" compare port-num .
port-range :: = "port" port-num range port-num .
rdrproto ::= tcpudp | protocol .

rr ::= "round-robin" .
age ::= "age" decnumber [ "/" decnumber ] .
clamp ::= "mssclamp" decnumber .
tcpudp ::= "tcp/udp" | protocol .
mapproxy ::= "proxy" "port" port proxy-name '/' protocol
rdrproxy ::= "proxy" proxy-name .

protocol ::= protocol-name | decnumber .
nummask ::= host-name [ "/" decnumber ] .
portspec ::= "auto" | portnumber ":" portnumber .
port ::= portnumber | port-name .
portnumber ::= number { numbers } .
ifname ::= 'A' - 'Z' { 'A' - 'Z' } numbers .

numbers ::= '0' | '1' | '2' | '3' | '4' | '5' | '6' | '7' | '8' | '9' .

For standard NAT functionality, a rule should start with map and then
proceeds to specify the interface for which outgoing packets will have
their source address rewritten.

Packets which will be rewritten can only be selected by matching the
original source address. A netmask must be specified with the IP
address.

The address selected for replacing the original is chosen from an
IP#/netmask pair. A netmask of all 1's indicating a hostname is valid.
A netmask of 31 1's (255.255.255.254) is considered invalid as there is
no space for allocating host IP#'s after consideration for broadcast and
network addresses.

When remapping TCP and UDP packets, it is also possible to change the
source port number. Either TCP or UDP or both can be selected by each
rule, with a range of port numbers to remap into given as port-
number:port-number.

COMMANDS

There are four commands recognised by IP Filter's NAT code:

map that is used for mapping one address or network to another in an
unregulated round robin fashion;

rdr that is used for redirecting packets to one IP address and port
pair to another;

bimap for setting up bidirectional NAT between an external IP address
and an internal IP address and

map-block
which sets up static IP address based translation, based on a
algorithm to squeeze the addresses to be translated into the
destination range.

MATCHING

For basic NAT and redirection of packets, the address subject to change
is used along with its protocol to check if a packet should be altered.
The packet matching part of the rule is to the left of the "->" in each
rule.

Matching of packets has now been extended to allow more complex compares.
In place of the address which is to be translated, an IP address and port
number comparison can be made using the same expressions available with
ipf. A simple NAT rule could be written as:

map de0 10.1.0.0/16 -> 201.2.3.4/32

or as

map de0 from 10.1.0.0/16 to any -> 201.2.3.4/32

Only IP address and port numbers can be compared against. This is
available with all NAT rules.

TRANSLATION

To the right of the "->" is the address and port specification which will
be written into the packet providing it has already successfully matched
the prior constraints. The case of redirections (rdr) is the simplest:
the new destination address is that specified in the rule. For map
rules, the destination address will be one for which the tuple combining
the new source and destination is known to be unique. If the packet is
either a TCP or UDP packet, the destination and source ports come into
the equation too. If the tuple already exists, IP Filter will increment
the port number first, within the available range specified with portmap
and if there exists no unique tuple, the source address will be
incremented within the specified netmask. If a unique tuple cannot be
determined, then the packet will not be translated. The map-block is
more limited in how it searches for a new, free and unique tuple, in that
it will used an algorithm to determine what the new source address should
be, along with the range of available ports - the IP address is never
changed and nor does the port number ever exceed its allotted range.

ICMPIDMAP

ICMP messages can be divided into two groups: "errors" and "queries".
ICMP errors are generated as a response of another IP packet. IP Filter
will take care that ICMP errors that are the response of a NAT-ed IP
packet are handled properly.

For 4 types of ICMP queries (echo request, timestamp request, information
request and address mask request) IP Filter supports an additional
mapping called "ICMP id mapping". All these 4 types of ICMP queries use a
unique identifier called the ICMP id. This id is set by the process
sending the ICMP query and it is usually equal to the process id. The
receiver of the ICMP query will use the same id in its response, thus
enabling the sender to recognize that the incoming ICMP reply is intended
for him and is an answer to a query that he made. The "ICMP id mapping"
feature modifies these ICMP id in a way identical to portmap for TCP or
UDP.

The reason that you might want this, is that using this feature you don't
need an IP address per host behind the NAT box, that wants to do ICMP
queries. The two numbers behind the icmpidmap keyword are the first and
the last icmp id number that can be used. There is one important caveat:
if you map to an IP address that belongs to the NAT box itself (notably
if you have only a single public IP address), then you must ensure that
the NAT box does not use the icmpidmap range that you specified in the
map rule.

KERNEL PROXIES

IP Filter comes with a few, simple, proxies built into the code that is
loaded into the kernel to allow secondary channels to be opened without
forcing the packets through a user program. The current state of the
proxies is listed below, as one of three states:

Aging - protocol is roughly understood from the time at which the proxy
was written but it is not well tested or maintained;

Developmental - basic functionality exists, works most of the time but
may be problematic in extended real use;

Experimental - rough support for the protocol at best, may or may not
work as testing has been at best sporadic, possible large scale
changes to the code in order to properly support the protocol.

Mature - well tested, protocol is properly understood by the proxy;

The currently compiled in proxy list is as follows:

FTP - Mature

IRC - Experimental

rpcbind - Experimental

H.323 - Experimental

Real Audio (PNA) - Aging

IPsec - Developmental

netbios - Experimental

R-command - Mature

TRANSPARENT PROXIES

True transparent proxying should be performed using the redirect (rdr)
rules directing ports to localhost (127.0.0.1) with the proxy program
doing a lookup through /dev/ipnat to determine the real source and
address of the connection.

LOAD-BALANCING
Two options for use with rdr are available to support primitive, round-
robin based load balancing. The first option allows for a rdr to specify
a second destination, as follows:

rdr le0 203.1.2.3/32 port 80 -> 203.1.2.3,203.1.2.4 port 80 tcp

This would send alternate connections to either 203.1.2.3 or 203.1.2.4.
In scenarios where the load is being spread amongst a larger set of
servers, you can use:

rdr le0 203.1.2.3/32 port 80 -> 203.1.2.3,203.1.2.4 port 80 tcp round-robin
rdr le0 203.1.2.3/32 port 80 -> 203.1.2.5 port 80 tcp round-robin

In this case, a connection will be redirected to 203.1.2.3, then
203.1.2.4 and then 203.1.2.5 before going back to 203.1.2.3. In
accomplishing this, the rule is removed from the top of the list and
added to the end, automatically, as required. This will not effect the
display of rules using "ipnat -l", only the internal application order.

EXAMPLES

This section deals with the map command and its variations.

To change IP#'s used internally from network 10 into an ISP provided 8
bit subnet at 209.1.2.0 through the ppp0 interface, the following would
be used:

map ppp0 10.0.0.0/8 -> 209.1.2.0/24

The obvious problem here is we're trying to squeeze over 16,000,000 IP
addresses into a 254 address space. To increase the scope, remapping for
TCP and/or UDP, port remapping can be used;

map ppp0 10.0.0.0/8 -> 209.1.2.0/24 portmap tcp/udp 1025:65000

which falls only 527,566 `addresses' short of the space available in
network 10. If we were to combine these rules, they would need to be
specified as follows:

map ppp0 10.0.0.0/8 -> 209.1.2.0/24 portmap tcp/udp 1025:65000
map ppp0 10.0.0.0/8 -> 209.1.2.0/24

so that all TCP/UDP packets were port mapped and only other protocols,
such as ICMP, only have their IP# changed. In some instances, it is more
appropriate to use the keyword auto in place of an actual range of port
numbers if you want to guarantee simultaneous access to all within the
given range. However, in the above case, it would default to 1 port per
IP address, since we need to squeeze 24 bits of address space into 8. A
good example of how this is used might be:

map ppp0 172.192.0.0/16 -> 209.1.2.0/24 portmap tcp/udp auto

which would result in each IP address being given a small range of ports
to use (252). In all cases, the new port number that is used is
deterministic. That is, port X will always map to port Y. WARNING: It
is not advisable to use the auto feature if you are map'ing to a /32
(i.e. 0/32) because the NAT code will try to map multiple hosts to the
same port number, outgoing and ultimately this will only succeed for one
of them. The problem here is that the map directive tells the NAT code
to use the next address/port pair available for an outgoing connection,
resulting in no easily discernible relation between external
addresses/ports and internal ones. This is overcome by using map-block
as follows:

map-block ppp0 172.192.0.0/16 -> 209.1.2.0/24 ports auto

For example, this would result in 172.192.0.0/24 being mapped to
209.1.2.0/32 with each address, from 172.192.0.0 to 172.192.0.255 having
252 ports of its own. As opposed to the above use of map, if for some
reason the user of (say) 172.192.0.2 wanted 260 simultaneous connections
going out, they would be limited to 252 with map-block but would just
move on to the next IP address with the map command. /dev/ipnat
/etc/services
/etc/hosts